A Comprehensive Electric Vehicle Model for Vehicle-to-Grid Strategy Development

A comprehensive electric vehicle model is developed to characterize the behavior of Smart e.d. (2013) while driving, charging and providing vehicle-to-grid services. To facilitate strategy development, EV completed with measurement on-board charger efficiency control upon external set-point request via IEC 61851-1. The battery an electro-thermal a dual polarization equivalent circuit electrical coupled lumped thermal active liquid cooling. aging trend EV’s 50 Ah large format pouch cell NMC chemistry evaluated accelerated tests in laboratory. Performance validated using laboratory pack tests, driving field data. RMSE voltage was between 18.49 mV 67.17 per for validation profiles. Cells stored at 100% SOC 40 °C reached end-of-life (80% initial capacity) after 431–589 days. cycled 80% DOD around 50% 3634 full cycles which equates distance over 420,000 km. parameter set provided serve as resource development.